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Überblick
  | after 1889, member of the SPD
|   | 1900 member of the Bremen municipal council
|   | 1912, delegate to the Reichstag
|   | 1913, after the death of August Bebel, one of the leaders of the SPD, he plays a leading role in the so-called January strike of 1918
|   | on November 9, 1918, designated Reichs Chancellor
|   | in November 1918, chairman of the revolutionary government, the council of people’s delegates, in coalition with the USPD (Independent Social Democratic Party)
|   | 1919 elected provisional Reichs President by the National Assembly. The majority required to amend the constitution extends his term in 1922 |
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