  | 1918-21 Member of the KPD; thereafter of the SPD
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  | 1931-33 Lord Mayor of Magdeburg
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  | 1932-33 Member of the Reichstag
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  | after 1933, political persecution by the National Socialists
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  | 1935 emigration to London and to Turkey
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  | 1947, Lord Mayor of Berlin; 1951-53 Governing Mayor of West Berlin |