  | member of the SPD since 1883
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  | 1903-1918 delegate to the Reichstag
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  | under Reichs Chancellor Prince Max of Baden, Secretary of State without portfolio
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  | proclaims the Republic November 9, 1918 after transferring office to Friedrich Ebert
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  | 1919 Reichs Minister President of the Weimar coalition
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  | 1919 resignation because of rejection of the Versailles treaty
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  | 1919-1933 Lord Mayor of Kassel
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  | 1920-1933 delegate to the Reichstag
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  | after 1933 exile in Prague; after 1939 in Copenhagen |